Biotic homogenisation in bird communities leads to large?scale changes in species associations

The impact of global change on biodiversity is commonly assessed in terms changes species distributions, community richness and composition. Whether how much associations between are also changing less documented. In this study, we quantify large-scale patterns bird communities relation to We use network approaches build three community-aggregated indices reflecting complementary aspects association networks. characterise the spatio–temporal dynamics these using a high-resolution dataset co-abundances 109 monitored for 17 years (2001–2017) from 1969 sites across France. finally test whether spatial temporal networks related homogenisation estimated as turnover (?-diversity) generalism (community generalisation index). consistency relationships tested main habitats, namely woodland, grassland human settlements. document directional association-based response modifications space time. Weaker sparser were lower higher generalism, suggesting an overlooked aspect biotic affecting may have interactions. report that overall pattern not constant with opposite urban versus forest distinct processes. Although contain only partial signatures interactions, our study highlights translates finer structure by number, strength type associations.